The Issues Of Minority Staff Members - 771 Words

FINAL EXAMINATION Scenario I Exam Question - What issues and data do you examine and what steps do you take to resolve this serious and troubling dilemma? First and foremost, a number of questions must be answered before we can address the minority and retention issues within the St. George County Family Services Association (SGCFSA). I for one would like to know the percentage of minorities we are currently serving in our community, and if this percentage has changed over time and if so, why? Furthermore, I would examine why only a limited number of minority staff members have been hired within the organization since my tenure; and what caused this shift to occur from just a few years ago. Additionally, it is important to be aware of how many minority staff members are presently in a management position as this can be an indicator as to why there has been such a high turnover or attrition rate in the past couple years. Generally speaking, retention is lower among minority groups than that of the non-minority. While hiring more minority staff members may bring more diversity to the organization, organizations may have difficulty retain ing minority staff members if it does not meet the demographic expectations of entry minorities. Determining whether or not minority staff members â€Å"fit† the process of socialization within an organization, they most likely will look to see if minorities are currently employed in chief executive and/or management positions as an indicator ofShow MoreRelatedMinority Faculty: Maintaining the Balance in the Field of Economics731 Words   |  3 Pagestechnological and research drives, managers and staff must also be sensitive to social concerns such as the diversity that is encouraged and managed in the workplace. The presence of minority staff, for example, should be supplemented with a concern and sensitivity for the needs and concerns of this sector of the staff without also appearing biased in the process. This careful balance is specifically important in the field of academics, where the concern of minority first year faculty is becoming increasinglyRead MoreMaking The New England Aquarium Accessible To Minority Communities1547 Words   |  7 Pagesethnic, racial, and economic diversity. However, since the late 1960s, the aquarium was considered inaccessible by minority communities. As such, its board of trustees wanted to change this image. In the early 1990s, they developed a plan to attract and involve populations previously underrepresented. At the same time, the education department began to implement programs targeting minority youth. Despite the good intentions, these efforts proved unsuccessful and jeopardized the cohesion of the departmentRead MoreBill Legislation, Appropriation Bills, And Entitlement Legislation1349 Words   |  6 Pagesstep is when members of congress introduce a bill. However an advocates job starts way before Congress introduces a bill. After discussion of a bill, the bill is introduced to the House who is then assigned a H.R number and then the bill is introduced to Senate and the receive a S number. When a bill is introduced it is different then when a bill is enacted into law. Next there is the committees system or the congressional committee which is the workhorses of Congress. Many issues are brought toRead MoreRecommendation Of Strategic Diversity Plan Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesconsistent with the communities we serve as well as developing a curriculum that will give our teachers a unique perspective and our students a better education-competitive to our neighboring school districts. With the open mind from our faculty and staff along with the help and cooperation of our parents this plan will foster growth and change that will enable our school to better serve our community as a whole. As time progresses we will constantly reevaluate our progress and programs effectivenessRead MoreThe Program Offers Interventions At Multiple Stages Of Individuals1659 Words   |  7 Pageseffective when community members have a voice in the program development. The programs address health issues that are relevant to the community. Using CBPR and cultural leverage, the programs include the prisoners and address their needs with culturally appropriate strategies. The HELP program utilizes the inmates to run and shape the programs. The Advocacy will also help the inmates’ transition out of prison once they are released. . The HELP program offers education on a health issue that is prevalentRead MoreVolunteering At The Boys Girls Club923 Words   |  4 Pages Each staff member had their own important roles that they played part in at BG Club but the same status; their status was BG club staff member. For example, Joe status was a staff member but a higher advanced one; Joe was the manager of the club. He had more important roles then the other staff members. Joe made sure everything was going in order. Another staff member is Jeff. Jeff’s role is less demanding. He just helps around Joe and make sure the kids are behaving. Each staff member had a differentRead Morefgdgdg1732 Words   |  7 PagesEmployment Act of 1967 Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Adapted from Exhibit 2-3: Federal Laws Preventing Employment Discrimination 2-0 ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼The Case of France †¢ Religious discrimination †¢ Discrimination issues in hiring †¢ Promotional issues †¢ Thoughts on the policy of not collecting data on race and ethnicity or no affirmative action laws? †¢ Thoughts on what these companies are doing? ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Experiencing Strategic OB 2-0 ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Roadblocks to Diversity ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼2-0 Read MoreBlack And Minority Ethnic Offenders1373 Words   |  6 PagesSystem could improve the outcomes for Black, And Minority Ethnic offenders (BAME). Following the meeting Baroness Young met the Secretary of State for Justice to seek his support to establish a task group. The Justice Secretary requested that the review included Muslim Offenders. The investigation and subsequent Young Review led by Baroness Lola Young, examined why young black and Muslim offenders felt negatively stereotyped as either gang members or terrorist. The review examined how outcomes forRead MoreSocioeconomic Status And Race : The Role Of Teachers And Staff Members Of Urban High Schools1732 Words   |  7 PagesReflecting on the Intersections of Socioeconomic Status and Race: The Role of Teachers and Staff Members of Urban High Schools Introduction A study conducted by Miller, Rainie, Purcell, Mitchell, Rosenstiel (2012), for the Pew Research Center, evaluated different community types—including urban, suburban, small town and rural communities—on various measures, including education levels, income levels and racial and ethnic makeup of their populations. What was found in regard to the differencesRead MoreAmerican Schools: Should Be More Equitable for Students of Lower Classes and Minority Races1364 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic and social classes, race and ethnicity, and gender issues. Although the gender differences in classrooms do have some affects on the quality of American education, they are not the main reasons why American schools are in danger. The most serious problems in American educational system are the barriers that students from both lower classes and minority races are facing. In K-12 schools, standardized testing seems to be the one issue that creates problems. In terms of enrolling into co llege

Situational Analysis 7th Grade Language Arts - 6569 Words

Situational Analysis Grade 7th Grade Language Arts Classroom rules and routines: In this classroom, I am committed to building a cooperative learning environment that contributes to the confidence of students in sharing their ideas. This confidence is built around an understanding that the students have, that they are to respect each other and their ideas. There are multiple ethnicities represented in this classroom, therefore it is paramount that everybody respects each other and appreciates what others have to say. The students understand that in order for there to be an effective learning environment, they need to be active participants while also having the patience to wait until they are called upon to speak. Physical grouping of the students: The students will be arranged in clusters of four. Each student will have their own desk and chair. There will be certain groups with an extra student. They will sit with their desk on the end that faces the front. This will also help in classroom management as I will be able to place a student who struggles with attention, on the end. This particular grouping pattern allows for effective group learning as well as being accommodating for the instructor to be able to move around and check on students as a group or as individuals. This is also an effective grouping for group discussions based on whole class, small group, or even pairs. Student breakdown: Girls: 13 Boys: 14 Total: 27 Classroom range of abilities: This classroomShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Literature Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools in Uganda19646 Words   |  79 PagesMethods of Data Collection 31 3.4.1 Questionnaires 31 3.4.2 Observations 32 3.5 Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments 32 3.5.1 Validity of Research Instruments 32 3.5.2 Reliability of Research Instruments 33 3.6 Data Analysis Techniques 33 CHAPTER FOUR 34 DATA PRESENTATION, DISSCUSION AND INTERPRETATION 34 4.1 Introduction 34 4.2 Background Information 34 4.2.1 Gender of Students 35 4.2.2 Students’ Distribution in Various School Types and CategoriesRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pagesproponent may delegate this approval authority, in writing, to a division chief within the proponent agency or its direct reporting unit or field operating agency, in the grade of colonel or the civilian equivalent. Activities may request a waiver to this regulation by providing justification that includes a full analysis of the expected benefits and must include formal review by the activity’s senior legal officer. All waiver requests will be endorsed by the commander or senior leader ofRead MoreInternship Report on Mcb20087 Words   |  81 Pagesduring the studies, in a real world scenario in order to tackle the problems. In this report the detailed analysis of the organization has been done and all the financial, technical, managerial and strategic aspects have been evaluated to analyze the current position of the organization. Along with it, the background analysis, the prevailing competition analysis, the business process analysis, and the internal environment and external environment of the organization have been discussed and the recommendationsRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesmost of the fastest-growing occupations percentagewise are related to information technology or health care. The increase in the technology jobs is due to the rapid increase in the use of information technology, such as databases, system design and analysis, and desktop publishing. The health care jobs are growing as a result of the aging of the U.S. population and workforce, a factor discussed later. Chapter 1 Changing Nature of Human Resource Management 5 FIGURE 1—1 The 10 Occupations withRead MoreMulticultural Education in a Pluralistic Society21691 Words   |  87 Pagescollege, Tomas Juarez had decided he wanted to work with children from low-income families. He began his teaching career, however, in a culturally diverse suburban school. The school had been built only a few years before and included state-of-the-art science labs. Students were proficient with computers; they even helped Mr. Juarez develop his skills. Most of the students participated in extracurricular activities, and their parents were active in school affairs. More than 90% of the previous graduatingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesNikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management:Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran Library and Information Science Text Series Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stueart, Robert D. Library and information center management / Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran. — 7th ed. p. cm. — (Library and information science text series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–1–59158–408–7 (alk. paper) ISBN 978–1–59158–406–3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Library administration—United States. 2. Information services—Read MoreStrategic Management and Leadership25577 Words   |  103 PagesEnglish must satisfy the College of their proficiency in English by providing evidence of one of the following : a) An English language test for entry into British Universities organised by British Council (I.E.L.T.S) b) Cambridge First Certificate Proficiency c) TOEFL or SAT test results JMB test in English for overseas students or GCSE ‘O’ level in English with a minimum of Grade C pass The London Academy for Higher Education: Extended Diploma in Strategic Management and Leadership Course Manual 2011Read MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages(3) their potential markets all assume broad dimensions. The category of marketers might include, in addition to business firms, such diverse social units as (a) a political party trying to market its candidate to the public (b) the director of an art museum providing new exhibits to generate greater attendance and financial support (c) a labor union marketing its idea to members and to company management; and (d) professors trying to make their courses interesting for students. In addition to theRead MoreA Concise Guide to Market Research Using Spss71933 Words   |  288 Pagesessential data analysis techniques, and the basics of communicating the results, including a discussion on ethics. Each chapter on quantitative methods describes key theoretical choices and how these are executed in IBM SPSS Statistics. Unlike most other books, we do not discuss theory or SPSS, but link the two. This is a book for non-technical readers! All chapters are written in an accessible and comprehensive way so that non-technical readers can also easily grasp the data analysis methods. Each

Honor Killing free essay sample

In 1999 in the country of Jordan 35 year old Sirhan tells the story of how he murdered his sister, he is relaxed, happy, and proud of the fact that he saved his family from suffering the shame of her rape. His sister Susan was only 16 years old. Sirhan says she made a mistake; and even though it was not her fault, it is better for her to die than the whole family to die of shame. How could a brother kill his sister and feel no remorse? What emotions and feelings are involved in such a crime? How does society influence this type of behavior? There are many emotions, feelings, and moods involved in committing such an act; it is learned behavior from a collectivist society, doing what is best for the family as a whole, not the individual. Emotions are such feelings as fear, joy, anger, and guilt, with a physiological arousal component involved; when people are fearful their hearts pound, they breath quickly their facial expressions change, and their bodies produce biochemicals. We will write a custom essay sample on Honor Killing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Complex thoughts often accompany emotions as when feelings of shame carry with them beliefs of inadequacy and self-loathing (Kenrick, Neuberg, Cialdini, 2007, p. 143). Genetic heredity influences emotions and moods forming our attitudes; genes contribute greatly to feelings. Cultures teach their members when and how to experience and express their feelings. Genes and culture together create the foundation for our experiences and expression of feelings (Kenrick, Neuberg, Cialdini, 2007, p. 145). Mood, like emotion, is an affective state. Emotion tends to have a clear focus, while mood tends to be more unfocused and diffused. Mood, according to Batson, Shaw, and Oleson (1992), involves tone and a structured set of beliefs about expectations of a positive or negative outcome in the future. Moods can last for days, weeks, months, or even years and demonstrate an individuals emotional state (Schucman, 1975). Individualistic cultures such as the United States, people are seen as individuals and are socialized to act independently, to take personal responsibility for their actions. In a collectivistic society, as they have in Jordan, people are viewed in terms of their relations with others and are socialized to act interdependently. Collectivists have a greater appreciation of how norms and social pressures, influence behavior. The social cognitive learning model asserts that culture is the main factor in the forming of individual development. A child’s learning development is affected by culture, including the culture of family environment. Through culture children acquire much of the content of their knowledge and surrounding culture provides a child with the processes or means of their thinking; teaching children both what and how to think. Social cognition is how thoughts, feelings, and a person’s behaviors are influenced by others (Allport, 1985, p. 3). For centuries men of the Arab world have engaged in honor killing, the interfamily murder of females who have allegedly strayed from what is believed to be proper behavior. Women endure the custom, while the legal system tolerates and condones it. Honor killing is rooted in the Arabic expression a mans honor lies between the legs of a woman. For Arab women, virginity before marriage and fidelity afterward are considered vital. A woman subjected to rape brings shame to her family just as she would if engaging in a consensual relationship. Believing it was an error on his sister’s part to be raped was a fundamental attribution error; which happens when people observe and then judge the negative actions of others; it is blaming someone for things out of their control. In doing so, the observer often underestimates the social pressure that causes the other person behave in such a manner. Asians tend to attribute behavior to situation while Westerners attribute the same behavior to the person committing the act (Kenrick, Neuberg, Cialdini, 2007, p. 157). Sirhan has learned from his ancestors that honor killing is the way to deal with the situation of his sister’s rape. Behavior is influenced by personal factors, cognitive, affective, and biological events, and it is also affected by environmental factors. The structures and processes of social cognition are extremely social; their origins typically lie in the social world as well as in individual experience. Individuals form schemas out of materials acquired in a social world, not only from their own cognitive efforts. Schemas enable a person to function in the social world because they are shared and used collectively or during social interactions, not only individually. Cognitive functioning is used to define conduct by using probability, considering what is likely to happen, or what will the consequences of a certain behavior or deed. Probability generally follows the establishment of a typification, which is storage of knowledge that people carry with them of the likelihood of certain events. This knowledge is referenced as they try to make sense of the actions of others, to anticipate how others will look at their own acts. With probability weighing your options is secondary to the establishment of typifications. People first typify a situation as they define others roles and identities in them (Kenrick, Neuberg, Cialdini, 2007, p. 127). Then predictive or postdictive confirmation occurs. Ideas about probability are invoked in discussions. The idea of typification is itself simple, but its implications are many. People know what to expect of one another in particular situations because they know that various types of people behave in typical ways under particular circumstances (Kenrick, Neuberg, Cialdini, 2007, p. 126). In other words you can predict someone’s behavior because you have a general idea of how a certain role will behave in a certain situation. Many emotions, moods, and feelings came into play with the honor killing of Susan. Sirhan knew how society would view the rape, bringing shame to his family. He also knew how his society would view the honor killing; even after being prosecuted Sirhan only served 6 months in jail. Sirhan and Susan each had roles of typical behavior, and there would be normal behavior with role. Susan being raped was not typical behavior; she was blamed by her brother for the rape.

Robotic Mission vs Manned Mission free essay sample

It is my opinion that if given a choice between a robotic and a manned space based exploration, it is better to execute a robotic mission. It is not worth the cost and risk for humans to simply explore space, except when the goal is specifically colonization. First, a manned mission would be much more technically complicated than a robotic one outweighing any incremental benefit resulting from a human presence. Second, the financial cost of manned missions to overcome the complications is not worth the projected costs. Third, funding robotic missions are indirect investments in aiding the current human condition. That is, the cost saving from robot missions could help relieve current issues here on earth. Lastly, pushing the boundaries of the unknown will always be fascinating to humans, but we would be pushing current human boundaries to explore much further past the moon, with our current technology. Advancements in robot technology can allow us to take the next step in advanced space missions. We will write a custom essay sample on Robotic Mission vs Manned Mission or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some would argue the opposite; some would say that manned missions are essential to quench our curiosity and thirst for uncovering the unknown, our desperate search for answers about the universe, and to find life beyond our planet. There are specific advantages to robotic exploration over human space missions. Space is a dangerous place for humans in many ways; there are many factors working against long term human space travel. There is harsh radiation, zero gravity and the element of time to consider. Radiation, in form of cosmic rays (high energy particles) and other high-energy radiation emitted from our sun, breaks down DNA in our bodies (0), leads to major complications, and poses the largest threat to human space travel. Extended zero gravity exposure leads to bone destiny loss and weakened organs because our physiology evolved having gravity. Time is also a factor against human space travel; we simply cannot go fast enough and live long enough to make it. If we went 123,000 mph with current plasma engines (1) to the closest star, Proxima Centauri – 4. 22 light years away (2), it would take 23 thousands years (2. 1). We cant live that long but robots could possibly go faster and need no protection from anything except sensitive equipment. Robots don’t need to come back, they have no families and we can build new ones. As questions are asked about the cosmos we develop new detectors, telescopes, and probes to answer those questions safely, quickly, and with accuracy. Human space missions are extremely expensive, unsafe, and inefficient(3) compared to robotic ones. A manned mission would most likely involve advanced life support systems, ample social interaction that means more people, food, oxygen, radiation protection, constant exercise, etc. with all systems being mostly self-sustaining or replenishing. This is all equals to weight, cost, time, and research. Also, the effects of zero-gravity and cosmic radiation have not been studied in depth and the long term exposure, could be detrimental(4). Also, the effects on the mind, in the long term, we know little about. (5) Constant isolation and confinement could drive any crew mad. (5. 1) We currently don’t even have spacesuits that protect against radiation. (6) Dennis Bushnell, NASA Langley’s chief scientist said, â€Å"What’s affordable is not safe; what’s safe is not affordable. †(7). A robotic mission would not encounter any of these problems and risks. The space shuttle had a price tag of about $450 million per mission and today unmanned payload cost about $12,000 per pound. (8) Most of this cost is associated with the fuel it takes to escape Earth’s orbit which is burned upon take off. The less weight expended the less fuel is required for takeoff, thus saving money to make it worth these endeavors. Assuming we do not colonize the location we plan on exploring, we would want our fellow space explorers to return home to their families safely. This would require a mission plan home, this is more than one mission, an increase in cost and preparation, making a returning virtually impossible. (8. 1) Robotic space missions could directly address and change human conditions on Earth. The possibilities of immediate results on Earth are enticing, new technologies found through the research of problems encountered could lead to advanced propulsion technologies that could give us more efficient methods of travel here on Earth and possibly end our use of fossil fuels. Reaching and exploring asteroids could lead the way to learning how to divert one here on Earth(9). Possible colonization of new worlds can first be explored by robots, giving us an understanding of our true environment and helps us expand, as the human race; not any specific nation or country but for humankind as a whole. Finding new resources from asteroids, moons, and worlds in our solar system could give us a new era of economic stimulus, growth, and hopefully peace. By 2030 we human on Earth will be consuming the resources of two planets annually (10), this is a scary thought and we must prepare for the possibility of expanding our horizons to the new frontier, united as one people for the common good. Some opposing cases have been argued that it is essential for manned missions to be funded. It is very possible for us to reach Mars in one month (11) with a proposed 123,000 MPH plasma engine. This makes it imperative to do so immediately. With less and less standing in our way to colonizing our solar system, we must see these new frontiers with our eyes. New technologies researched for the survival of colonies in space, could bring many positive effects on Earth, such as closed-loop sustainable habitats would give the poor around the world, enough food. 12) This would not be possible, if we sent robots, since they don’t eat. The necessity for manned missions could inadvertently allow us to discover new technologies that will, assuredly help us on Earth. There even is the possibility of a one-way journey for a single candidate to colonize Mars. (13) This would reduce risk, cost, and the lives of other potential settlers. Since, there is no longer the competition of nations to reach space, like the space-race between USA and Russia, but today we work together, â€Å"Like a club of developers. (14) In conclusion, I feel that a robotic mission is the way to explore space. The cost, risk, and benefits gained from a manned mission are just not worth it, when compared to a robotic one. Although, the possibility of many technologies arising from the research aimed toward at solving current hurdles of successful manned missions, we should not to bear the risks associated with them since, robots are extension of ourselves. Endnotes 0: http://schoolworkhelper. net/2011/02/nasa-mission-to-mars-probes-design-dangers/ 1,11,14.

Saying Goodbye!! Essay Example

Saying Goodbye!! Essay Example Saying Goodbye!! Essay Saying Goodbye!! Essay Ive learned that goodbyes will always hurt, pictures never replace having been there, memories, good or bad, will bring tears and words can never replace feelings. There were many things I wanted to write before writing on the word goodbye, but life takes a man to where fate has decided and it never goes in the neat little order we desire. I never thought that saying goodbye would be so hard. I am 14 but life has taught me one thing that u might forget the place where you were born but u won’t forget the place or people who made you feel so special. I have to accept that for every hello you say, theres a sad goodbye. I remember it was 18 June 2008 I was jolted into real life. Sometimes being strong means being able to let go, but I wasn’t strong to concede that the time is up and finally I have to say goodbye to the one who made me laugh, who made me realize that I was better than anyone, who made me feel like a princess, who let me sleep in her arms when I was all alone and who spent her nights to tell me stories about prophets. It was 18 June 2008, it seemed to me that everything around me had stood idle, there was silence because my ears were not ready to accept what they just heard, and my mind repeated the words- grandmother has passed away. I went to my home town for her funeral, she was cold because she was dead, I couldn’t believe that she was the same lady I met a month ago. Her lips were silent with no smile, her eyes were closed with no spark, and her heart was in her chest with no beat of life and a body with no soul. I finally had to say goodbye forever because according to the law of nature there is no hope of meeting her again in this world and I’ll never get a chance to tell her how much I loved her. I might meet her in the next world, in the life after death but not until my heart is beating and my soul is within me. I wish that GOD give human one last chance to meet with the one they love and if that was possible I would only say her that â€Å"Ill miss you forever, Ill miss you always, Goodbye is so hard, but Ill say it anyways†. For the first time in my life I felt real pain, real heartache. It was 5:30, I was hit with the truth, it was Wednesday, my grandmother died, it was 6th month of 2008, a part of me died. I knew that this moment would come in time. That I have to let her go and watch her soul fly. I knew she won’t come back but even after 12 months I was dying inside. Even today when I am writing this I am searching for words to define my feelings. I always try hiding my emotions but eyes dont lie. I guess theres no easy way to say goodbye. It’s weird, you know the end of something great is coming, but you want to just hold on, just for one more second just so it can hurt a little more. Oftentimes we say goodbye to the person we love without wanting to. Though that doesn’t mean that weve stopped loving them or weve stopped to care. Sometimes goodbye is a painful way to say I love you. Once I said goodbye with no hope of meeting again, and life taught me how hard it is but to say goodbye with a little tad of hope is even more painful because you never know that the candle of your hope will keep burning or fade in the world of darkness and despair. There is nothing in the world that compares to saying â€Å"goodbye. † The sadness that comes with it is like no other, but the hope that comes with it as well; the hope that this is not the last goodbye. The hope that keeps us going, keeps our heads high as we wait for the next time; if that next time comes. Some people don’t think that saying goodbye is such a big deal, probably because they have never had to do so. We laughed until we had to cry, we loved right down to our last goodbye, but over the years well smile and recall, for just one moment we had it all. I remember it was 3rd April 2010, I walked last time through the gates of the place I spent seven most tremendous years of my life. My school although it has four walls but has future of thousands of minds. My school- CONVENT, where I met with the people who belonged to the same world like me but think in their own way and live in a world full of love and care, moreover in search of peace. I remember my first nun, sister Magdalene who taught me how to forgive, how to care and most importantly how to say goodbye not only to humans but to regret, despair and loneliness. It was a pleasant morning but however I was surrounded by fear of losing some special friends who held their hands when I needed them the most. I said goodbye to them in an unbelievable way, I was not quite sure about what I was saying but I knew it was the time to finally say goodbye to them and move on with a new life. â€Å"The loss of a friend is like that of a limb. Time may heal the anguish of the wound, but the loss cannot be repaired. † If saying goodbye hurts so much, why do we say goodbye? Because it hurts so much more to keep holding on to something that isnt there. . However, if you look at saying goodbye as a new hope, things begin to brighten up. You have a hope that you will someday be able to see them again. Saying goodbye may bring a great deal of sadness, but the amount of sadness depends on your hope in seeing them again. It is the end of something simple and the beginning of everything else.

The Federal Reserve System Coursework Example

The Federal Reserve System Coursework Example The Federal Reserve System Coursework – Coursework Example The Federal Reserve System The structure of the Federal Reserve Banks and Board of GovernorsThe structure of the Federal Reserve Banks is a complete one. There are twelve districts where the Federal Reserve Banks are administered with the view of devolving power. Such a system also enables for satisfactory management of the Federal Reserve Banks payment system. The board of governors of each Federal Reserve Bank is constituted of three bankers and three business leaders. Three of the board members are government appointees, and this composition is designed with a view to demonstrating a different perspective in matters pertinent to decision making within the banks. It also helps the government by keeping an eye on issues that are related to decision making. The action of the board of governors and the operations of the banks are governed by laws to forestall any cases of irregularity. One of the recommendations is to improve on marketplace and technological developments such as elect ronic banking. This will help in coping with the increased competition that has been experienced by the private sector (United States, 1996).Independence of the Federal Reserve SystemThe Federal Reserve System ought to be independent of any political influence when undertaking to implement and design its monetary policy. Essentially speaking, economic decisions and measures cannot be left in the hands of the political elite such as the President and the US Congress. For economic development to be spurred and its effects to trickle down to the common man, highly educated and specialized economists who exude substantial experience must be engaged. This will guarantee sound decision making and creation of monetary policies that benefit the common man through extensive research and periodical economic evaluation and analysis.ReferencesTop of FormUnited States. (1996). Federal Reserve System: Current and future challenges require systemwide attention : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office. Bottom of FormTop of FormTop of Form

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Organizational Change - Essay Example They then replicate the same attitude of respect and appreciation to the organization and its customers or target clients. Empowered employees always feel at home as they do their work and give their best for the benefit of the organization. Institutions that have embraced employee empowerment methods tend to achieve greater success. This means that employees in such organizations have a teamwork spirit that helps them to appreciate and recognize each person’s ability. They become active participants or partners of the organization and take responsibility for its success and drawbacks. In order to achieve greater miles of success through employees’ empowerment, organizations must therefore invest more towards team building and professional trainings. Organizations must build lasting and trusting relationships and partnerships that brings out the self-worth of its employees towards the customers. The management must create trust between them and the entire team of employees. With a sense of trust in place for the employees, the customers will automatically be the beneficiaries as they will get good treatment from the organization’s employees. For example, when an employee is trusted and allowed to independently feel free to contribute towards the management of the organization. That employee will feel some sense of acceptance and trust. He or she will also ensure that customers are well managed for the success of everyone in the

Science Fiction, Technology, and Our Modern World Essay - 5

Science Fiction, Technology, and Our Modern World - Essay Example It is strange when Monica describes her feelings for her three-year-old son, David, and she say that she had tried to love him in vain. It is sad that her love for him is questionable. Rationally speaking, mothers have endless and immeasurable love for their children, a fact that is unrepresented in Monica-David case leaving us with many unanswered questions about Monica’s motherhood. Brian Aldiss tells us that Monica is lonely, and he never mentioned whether she had friends or family for companionship (Arthur 443). At the end of page one, the writer reaffirms that she remained lonely. Monica seeks help from Teddy, another robot toy to try to comprehend why she is unable to communicate with David, not to mention companionship. David on the other hand questions Teddy whether his mother loves him and wonder whether he is truly real. He tries to write letters to explain his feelings about his mother and the inner conflicts he battles with, but all his letters remain incomplete (Arthur 445). Henry in his Company discusses the future development of artificial forms and bio-electric beings. He discusses the new Artificial Intelligence under construction that would finally solve the problems of humanity relating to loneliness and isolation. Monica also discovers David’s incomplete letters whose content depict lines about love and jealousy contempt for Teddy, whom Monica seems to bond with perfectly than David. The letters puzzle her, and when Henry arrives, she shares this with him that the Ministry of Population has selected their family to give birth to a child. Eventually, we discover that David is not a human child but an artificial human designed to ease Monica’s loneliness and replace a real child’s position. Monica privately tells her husband that David has a verbal malfunctioning and must be taken back immediately to the factory (Arthur 450). Brian Aldiss concludes his story with David thinking of love and warmth of his

Dai Sijies book Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress Essay Example for Free

Dai Sijies book Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress Essay In Dai Sijies book, Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress, the two main characters are brought together to experience the hardships of re-education but even then they manage to stay hopeful. Dai Sijie focuses on the survival and the power of human spirit and imagination to endure of Luo and the narrator, Ma. The boys stay hopeful by finding solutions to their problems during the re-education. Luo feels physically tired and so turns back the hands of the clock to get some extra sleep so he can get through the day. The Little Chinese Seamstress tries and cures Luo of his disease even though she doesnt have the proper medical equipment. Four-Eyes on the other hand continues to try and impress the peasants by risking the chance of getting caught with all the banned books by leaving his door open just to display his trust in the peasants and by hiding away meat and pretending that he doesnt eat meat to please them. The boys can be viewed as hopeful in the ways in which they adapt to and find solutions to the hardships of re-education such as manipulating the start of the working day with the alarm clock. The boys confess a few days after getting to the mountain and carrying the buckets of shit up and down the mountain, in the end we had changed the position of the hands so many times we had no idea what the time really was. The boys take advantage of the peasants ignorance of technology to cheat the village of their labor. But they are only doing this because of the harshness of re-education that led them to be this physically drained out. They were being forced to turn into cheaters but for them this wasnt deceiving, it was merely how they believed they could bring their bodies back to normal and start adapting to the change. By saying losing track of what the time really was, Dai Sijie also symbolizes their fear of never returning to their families and leading their old lives. Besides Luo finding a solution to the hard working conditions during the re-education, the Little Chinese Seamstress found a solution to curing Luos malaria and stayed hopeful. Although during the time of the re-education, there were no proper medical care and due to that Luo may have suffered from malaria for a long time. On the way to the Little Chinese Seamstresss house for the oral cinema in her town, another attack struck Luo and when they arrived at, Luo looked really sick so the Little Chinese Seamstress used a natural medicine on him and hoped that it worked. She didnt panic and act irrationally. The remedy that used was a natural paste made of the leaves of a plant called Broken-bowl-shards. This shows that the Seamstress believes in nature and tries her luck wherever she can. She says In my opinion you cant believe in them totally, but you cant deny them either. This just proves that whether or not the results are going to be as desired, it is definitely worth a shot. Four-Eyes is a representation of a character who would do anything to escape re-education and his continuous tries are what make him seem hopeful that one day he will succeed. Ever since he has been living on the mountain, he doesnt lock the doors of his house. When the readers first hear from him about this he claims that he is so anxious to demonstrate his trust in the revolutionary peasants that he never used to lock his doors. This just proves how desperate he is for their trust. He leaves his door unlocked even though he has a hidden suitcase of books that if found, can get him into serious troubles but he is willing to take that risk. He is also abstaining from meat. He would spring to his feet, quickly hide the pan in a corner as if it were contraband, and put out a dish of marinated vegetables. This not only portrays his fear, but the use of the word contraband by Dai Sijie is interesting as it brings up other suggestions. Contrabands are illegally smuggled goods and the comparison between the meat and the contraband shows how scared Four-Eyes is. To Four-Eyes, eating meat struck him a crime typical of the bourgeois class to which his family belonged so he decided to sacrifice eating meat. Four-Eyes stops at nothing to gain his pleasures. This single-mindedness in the face of adversity (when he breaks his glasses and the boys find him trying to carry the rice sacks alone) could be viewed as a form of hopefulness. To conclude, I have to say that the boys need to be credited for having dealt with their situations so optimistically. They only had a three in a thousand chance of returning home but even then they have stayed hopeful through the novel and took things as they came their way. I believe that the characters main way of staying hopeful is by finding solutions to the problems and hardships of their life currently during the re-education at the Phoenix Mountain. What the two boys have taken from this experience definitely has been the ability to be independent and solve situations they are faced with and most importantly learnt that success can be achieved by staying hopeful. Also the books and their passion for literature has indeed played a part in this as the books is what has kept them going for this long and they work so hard all day only knowing that later at night they have the book to go back to and relax. Their hope to keep them going through the day is the thought of knowing that this means they can go home to reading. Four-Eyes on the other hand has this obsessive pursuit of freedom and his hope is what is keeping that driving force in him going but in this battle, he has lost his temper and feels agitated as his results are not coming out positive.

Bacterial Conjunctivitis Essay -- essays research papers

Bacterial Conjunctivitis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bacterial Conjunctivitis, commonly known as â€Å"pink eye†, is one of the most well-known and treatable eye infections for both children and adults. The name was chosen because it is an inflammation of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. It is commonly called â€Å"pink eye† because of the red color of the eye from irritation and was described as such.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several different microorganisms cause Bacterial Conjunctivitis, the most common being Haemophilus aegyptius, the Koch-week bacillus. This type of bacterium is gram-negative and rod shaped. Haemophilus means â€Å"blood loving†and therefore grow in chocolate agar which contains disrupted blood cells. Other bacterium which may cause Bacterial Conjunctivitis include Streptococcus and Staphlyococcus. The incidence of Bacterial Conjunctivitis caused by gram positive bacterium are more predominate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The different types of bacterium which cause Conjunctivitis are highly contagious and transmitted by face to face contact and through airborne droplets. Conjunctivitis can also be passed through facial lotions, eye-make up and other shared materials with an infected person. Touch, espeacially in children, is usually how the bacterium are transmitted!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symptoms of Bacterial Conjunctivitis include redness in t...

Comparing Death of a Salesman and Fences

When it comes to comparing and contrasting two different cultures and morals the differences can be night and day. In Death Of A Salesman and Fences, these stories follow two middle-class families around the same time period (late 1940-1950’s), who are both facing problems within their own household’s. From marital issues to failing father/son relationships, both of these stories paint a picture to the audience of what life in an urban family living in that time setting was like through the author’s eyes.And even yet with all the things between these two plays that make them alike, there are also many things that make them very different. In Fences we follow Troy Maxon, an ex baseball player and hard headed â€Å"family man† who takes pride in providing for his family with his job as a garbage man. Along side him is his wife, Rose Maxon, a â€Å"tell it like it is† type of woman who cares for her family and wants nothing more than to keep it togethe r. Their teenage son, Cory Maxon, a high school football player with college bound dreams and the talent to take him there.And then there is Lyons, Troy's son from a previous relationship, and a talented jazz musician who has a hard time finding a source of income. In Death Of A Salesman we follow Willy Lowman, a troubled traveling salesman who wants nothing more than to see himself and his family succeed in the â€Å"American Dream†. His wife Linda Lowman, a loving woman with a big heart, who would do anything to keep her husband and her sons happy. And their two sons Happy and Biff.Happy being a sex crazy ladies man working in a department store, while Biff is an unemployed ex high school football star who turned to a life of stealing after failing high school and not graduating. Both Troy and Willy have two sons and even their children are alike in ways, both Biff and Corey played/play football and both were/are very good at it, but biff lost his ambition soon after high s chool though his father wished he would have done better with himself. while Corey tried to use his talent at football to take himself places but Troy selfishly stood in his way.Willy's son Happy constantly stands in biff's shadow while Lyons is Troy's son from a different mother who never saw Troy through his childhood due to Troy being in jail, unlike Corey, so its almost as if he stands in Corey's shadow as well though Troy nor Rose treats him any differently. Unlike Willy and Linda, who seem to put more attention towards Biff than Happy. So it seems that the boys all have similarities between them but the way they are treated by their mother and father are where the differences lay.In Death Of A Salesman Willy treats his wife Linda, as though he does not appreciate her. He talks to her disrespectfully and even ignores her on occasion, and even though he does this blatantly she still stands by his side and acts as his support. In Fences Troy treats his wife Rose with a certain am ount of respect but when he does step out of line Rose is not the one to take it. A perfect example of this would be the fact that both men had found a way to have an extramarital affair, and both for validations reasons. Linda chose to ignore the fact that Willy was having an affair.By ignoring what was happening, Linda did not have to admit to herself what was going on, and saved herself some difficult choices. Linda was not strong enough to make those choices. When Rose found out that Troy had been unfaithful she chose to leave him. And even through it all she still chose to take care of the child he had with another woman, because in her eyes Troy was guilty, and not the child. This shows how strong Rose is in comparison to Linda. Both Death Of A Salesman and Fences were very dramatic plays that touched on many subjects that people even today can relate to.From infidelity, to fighting, to lost friendships/relationships and even death. both stories left the audiences with somethi ng to think about in their own personal lives and both stories made sure to create a character everyone could relate to in some way. there are common themes that run throughout both stories. Among these are two, hard working men that can be a bit disillusioned by life. The main characters of each story may be similar in many ways but both authors made it a point to highlight the differences between them and the differences between the stories themselves.

Nursing Theory and Research Essay

What is nursing (caring) according to Fawcett (1984)? Nursing is defined by American Association (1980) as â€Å"the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems† (cited in Fawcett, 1984, pg. 84). Diagnosis, according to the nursing process is when the nurses identify the actual problems and find out how to treat them in order to prevent any potential problems. According to Walker, 1971) nursing is establishing limits or boundaries in terms of the person  providing care; person with health problems receiving care; the environment in which care is given and an end-state, well-being (cited in Fawcett, 1984). This is related to what I mentioned before that the four concepts are interrelated; they cannot work on their own. The connections among the four metaparadigm concepts were clearly identified by Donalson and Cowley (1978) which states that â€Å"nursing studies the wholeness or health of humans, recognizing that humans are in continuous interaction with their environments† (cited in Rolfe, 1996, pg.6). This statement may be considered the major proposition of nursing’s metaparadigm. B: Christensen’s (1990) Partnership Model: Christensen’s (1990) Partnership Model identify the concept of a partnership as a basis for involvement between a nurse and a patient. This concept provides a sound humanistic foundation for nursing practice. From the patient view point, a partnership of equality and respect provides security. From nurses, patients are vulnerable or faced a situation, which requires care from health services. The experience of partnership empowers and enables people when they are patients, and we believe that security proved by the nursing partnership is a basic human right for a patient. For a partnership to exist and work effectively, there must be a willingness from all partners to collaborate as equals, and then to jointly make decisions and endeavour to solve problems. Christensen (1990) described partnership is initiated when the patient is admitted to hospital and ceases when they go home. It is a continuous process, which offered ways of looking at what happened when a nurse offered learned expertise to a person who is going through a health related experience. The learned expertise is known as â€Å"nursing (caring). What is nursing (caring) according to Christensen (1990)? Although many nurses’ scholars described nursing according to their own research, Christensen (1990) defined nursing â€Å"when a nurse offered learned expertise to a person who is going through a health related experience† (pg.  47). Also, New Zealand Nurse’s Association (1990) defined nursing is a â€Å"specialised expression of caring, concerned primary with enhancing the ability of individuals and groups to achieve their health potential within the realities of their life situations (pg. 7). So, nursing is the actions or treatment to help the patient promote health not only part of his body, but nursing is looking at the person holistically. As discuss by Christensen (1990), the major work of nurse-patient partnership is commences at the time of admission to hospital and continues until the patient goes home, as mentioned before. We could see that the work of the nurse is dynamic and sensitive as nursing strategies are selectively used to ease the pathway of each patient through an individual passage. The passage, according to Christensen (1990) is a â€Å"social process, which can be used to describe an experience of a significant change in a person’s circumstances† (pg.26). It is characterised by the giving and receiving of nursing in order for the patient to make optimal progress through a health related experience. So, nursing is attending. According to Christensen (1990) attending takes place during the time of contact between the nurse and patient and also accompanies the patient through hospitalisation. Attending is the essence of partnership because it shows that nursing is caring and concerning about the change in patient’s life. Therefore, Christensen’s model of nursing partnership involved two or more people in a shared venture. It requires the nurse to view nursing as a collaborative between the nurse and the client. It initiated when the patient is admitted to hospital until they go home. It is a continuum process, which offered ways of looking at what happened when a nurse offered learned expertise to a person who is going through a health related experience. According to Peplau define nursing is â€Å"how to put the constitution in such a state as that it will have no disease†(Cited in Nightingale, 1992, pg. 48), which means what can and should nurses do to promote health, prevent illness and recovery from disease. As I mentioned above in Christensen’s model,  nurses work alongside with the patient but using nursing strategies to ease the path of the person by listening to them and taking heed of what they are saying. Moreover, is to comforting them in order to aid recovery from diseases they present. Harmer & Henderson (1995, cited in Rolfe, 1996) point out that the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or peaceful death). In Christensen’s partnership model is very similar to this idea as to assist the patient and supporting during this journey of sickness or seeking help with things that they are unable to do for themselves. That is the goal of nursing is to use their knowledge to find the most efficient and effective ways of carrying out nursing procedures to help their partner in nursing care, as the patient. Moreover, according to attend, being their for the patient and spending time with him in order to understand their needs. Also, ministering which Christensen defines as a selective application of nursing knowledge and skills to meet the identified needs of the patient. Within that knowledge, nurses have a systematic body of knowledge that underpins practice, which means, they know what to do, how to do it and why they are doing it. For example, an eighteen months old baby was brought from theatre whom he had a Gastrostomy. I took observations on him for half hourly for two hours and hourly after that. Why do I have to do that, because to identify any signs and symptoms of haemorrhage which is potential for shock. That is the basic knowledge that I have taught so far that this baby has a tendency of bleeding. It was very important for me for these observations. According to Christensen (1990) that the work of the nurse is dynamic and sensitive as nursing responds to the immediacy of the patient’s situation. During this time the nurse and the patient negotiate their partnership by looking at the work of the nurse and the work of the patient in order to cushion the impact on the patient of the disturbances associated with hospitalisation. Moreover, according to Christensen (1990) the passage is â€Å"a social process  which can be used to describe an experience of a significant change in a person’s circumstances† (p.26). It is characterised by giving and receiving of nursing in order for the patient to make an optimal progress for a better health. In reality it may or may not lead to a beneficial passage. But, the work of the nurse begins as soon as the patient admitted to hospital. It is known as the beginning phase, which is to assist the client to attain the means, opportunities and the ability to act within the present circumstances, though the nurse-client partnership exists for all nursing goals and the expected outcomes may not always turn out as desired. The beginning is marked by the patient experiencing a health-related problem. The phase begins with awareness that something is wrong which requires an admission to hospital it may be days or weeks or whenever the patient takes responsible for his own self-management. This period precedes entry into the partnership, at the same time the patient prepares for the upcoming experience, whereas the nurse serves to make patient complete, whole being of a person or independent. And I believed this includes identifying the problems of the whole being of the person, that is, culturally, psychosocially and mentally. This relationship includes respect and acceptance of where the person is and the nurse’s openness to another person’s reality. Caring relationships occur with individuals and family and their significant others. According to Levine (1973) described nursing as â€Å"a human interaction. It is a discipline rooted in the organic dependency of the individual human being on his relationships with other human beings† (Cited in Fawcett, 1984, pg 122). She further describe nursing as â€Å"a subculture, possessing ideas and values which are unique to nurses, even though they mirror the social template which created them† (ibid, pg, 123). This is true with nursing is caring for another human being which have their own culture, ideas and values which recognise themselves from whom they come from. When we compare with Christensen’s model (1990), interpreting is the â€Å"attempt made by the nurse to attach meaning to the status of the patient and the situation† (pg. 42). Including observing, monitoring, analysing,  translating, conceptualising, synthesising and decision-making. When assessing the patient and collecting data, nurses should recognise the social issues and cultural needs of the patient in order to provide treatment that are suitable for them. Moreover, as Christensen stated that the intentional presence of the nurse is essential for coming to know and understand what it means to be human and humans in relationship or partnership. This knowledge provides the basis for the mutual selection of interventions that can promote health and self-determination. That is the essence of partnership is engaging the person in the process of their journey from the time they face the problem and come in to hospital until they go home. Partnership includes intimacy, trust, and authenticity. Furthermore, commitment, responsibility and accountability, which are the nature of nursing which Christensen identifies. Not only that, caring takes place within the context of a therapeutic relationship and is considered a moral vital of nursing. According to Henderson’s definition of nursing â€Å"I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will and knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible†. â€Å"Nurse serves to make patient â€Å"complete, whole† or independent† (Cited in USA Nursing Knowledge Consensus Conference, 1998) Conclusion: Although I found very difficult to understand Fawcett’s description of the metaparadigm but at the end I found this very interesting to know that metaparadigm is like a framework that help me in my practice. Nursing has a unique responsibility to promote, protect and restore the client’s holistic health. REFERENCES: Christensen, J. (1990) The Ethics of Care: Towards Partnership in Nursing, Lincoln University Press with Daphne Brasell Associates Ltd, London. Fawcett, J, (1984) The Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Future Refinements. Images: The journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. XVI, No. 3, pg. 84 – 7. Fawcett, J, (1984) Analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing, F. A Davis Company, Philadelphia. USA Nursing Knowledge Consensus Conference, 1998, Consensus Statement on Emerging Nursing Knowledge, A value-Based Position Paper Linking Nursing knowledge and Practice Outcomes, Boston, Massachusetts

Factors to the Rise of Slavery essays

Factors to the Rise of Slavery essays The growth of the black slave trade was due to the decline of indentured servants, the need for a disease resistant workforce, and a workforce that was easily manageable; a combination of economic, geographic, and social factors. The New World at the dawn of American slavery, was at a rapid expansion rate. After years of hardship and meager harvests, landowners were finally making profits from crops that took many years to achieve. As more farmland was being planted, the need for more help was increasingly important. At first, most farmers had turned to white indentured servants from Europe, but the number of indentured servants declined due to increasingly better conditions back in England. Indentured servants concluded that the quality of life was better back in England, than the Americas. Landowners had to look for a different workforce. Previously, black slaves had been used, but only in small numbers. Most black slaves were sent to the West Indies instead, then slave traders found a new market: the Americas. Due to the high price of slaves, normally, a landowner would buy a much cheaper indentured servant, but since they were in short supply, a slave was the better option. Slaves, although mo re expensive, were more cost efficient compared to an indentured servant. A slave could be kept for life instead of a few years, and the landowner was under no obligation to give a slave incentive like land. These slaves were essentially perfect for the Americas. Geographically, the changing climate conditions of the Americas played an important role to the growth of black slavery. In the south, conditions were hot and humid. Landowners needed people who could work in these harsh conditions. Slaves from West Africa were already acquainted to the humid tropical-like weather. Landowners also needed people who were more resistant to diseases like smallpox or malaria. Black slaves ...

presence - definition and examples of rhetorical presence

presence - definition and examples of rhetorical presence Definition: In rhetoric and argumentation, the choice to emphasize certain facts and ideas over others in order to secure the attention of an audience. The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation arguments speaker Through presence, we establish the real, Louise Karon says in Presence in The New Rhetoric. This effect is primarily evoked through techniques of style, delivery, and disposition (Philosophy and Rhetoric, 1976). See also: Audience Analysis and Implied Audience Examples and Illustrations Ekphrasis and Enargia New Rhetoric(s)ProsopopoeiaPersuasion Examples and Observations: Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca write that presence is an essential factor in argumentation and one that is far too much neglected in rationalistic conceptions of reasoning. The presence of a fact or an idea is almost a sensory experience rather than a purely rational one; presence, they write, acts directly on our sensibility.Thus, in argumentation a rhetor seeks to bring his or her audience to the point of seeing the relevant facts, or experiencing the truthfulness of an idea. . . . Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca share Gorgias and the humanists intrigue with rhetorics power to direct thought, particularly rhetoric in the control of a skilled rhetorician. But their confidence in argumentation as a rational foundation of discourse is decidedly stronger than was Gorgias.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2005) Two Aspects of PresenceFor Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969), achieving presence is a rule that guides the process of selection; we choose words, phrases, figurative images, and other discursive strategies to either (a) make something absent present to our audience or (b) increase the presence of something that has already been brought to the audiences attention. An example of the latter sense would be the way in which an orator, in a patriotic Fourth of July oration during the 19th century, would try to increase the presence of the spirit of the founding fathers.These two aspects of presence are not mutually exclusive; in fact, they frequently overlap. An advocate might begin by trying to make something present to an audience and then work to increase the presence of that item (whatever that might be). As Murphy (1994) noted, the idea of presence is a conceptual metaphor; when presence is achieved, what initially was absent almost seems to be in the room with the audience.(James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Sage, 2001) Presence and Figurative LanguageThe very choice of giving presence to some elements instead of others implies their importance and pertinence to the discussion and acts directly on our sensibility, as illustrated by a Chinese parable: A king sees an ox on its way to sacrifice. He is moved to pity for it and orders that a sheep be used in its place. He confesses he did so because he could see the ox but not the sheep.Perelman and Olbrechts. Rhetorical Citizenship and Public Deliberation, ed. by Christian Kock and Lisa S. Villadsen. Penn State Press, 2012) Presence in Jesse Jacksons 1988 Convention Speech*Tonight in Atlanta, for the first time in this century, we convene in the South; a state where Governors once stood in school house doors; where Julian Bond was denied a seal in the State Legislature because of his conscientious objection to the Vietnam War; a city that, through its five Black Universities, has graduated more black students than any city in the world. Atlanta, now a modern intersection of the new South.Common ground! Thats the challenge of our party tonight. Left wing. Right wing.Progress will not come through boundless liberalism nor static conservatism, but at the critical mass of mutual survivalnot at boundless liberalism nor static conservatism, but at the critical mass of mutual survival. It takes two wings to fly. Whether youre a hawk or a dove, youre just a bird living in the same environment, in the same world.The Bible teaches that when lions and lambs lie down together, none will be afraid and there will be peace in the valley. It sounds impossible. Lions eat lambs. Lambs sensibly flee from lions. Yet even lions and lambs will find common ground. Why? Because neither lions nor lambs can survive nuclear war. If lions and lambs can find common ground, surely we can as wellas civilized people.The only time that we win is when we come together. In 1960, John Kennedy, the late John Kennedy, beat Richard Nixon by only 112,000 votesless than one vote per precinct. He won by the margin of our hope. He brought us together. He reached out. He had the courage to defy his advisers and inquire about Dr. Kings jailing in Albany, Georgia. We won by the margin of our hope, inspired by courageous leadership.In 1964, Lyndon Johnson brought wings togetherthe thesis, the antithesis, and the creative synthesisand together we won.In 1976, Jimmy Carter unified us again, and we won. When do we not come together, we never win.In 1968, the vision and despair in July led to our defeat in November. In 1980, ranc or in the spring and the summer led to Reagan in the fall.When we divide, we cannot win. We must find common ground as the basis for survival and development and change and growth.Today when we debated, differed, deliberated, agreed to agree, agree to disagree, when we had the good judgment to argue a case and then not self-destruct, George Bush was just a little further away from the White House and a little closer to private life.Tonight I salute Governor Michael Dukakis. He has run a well-managed and a dignified campaign. No matter how tired or how tried, he always resisted the temptation to stoop to demagoguery. . . .(Reverend Jesse Jackson, speech at the Democratic National Convention, July 19, 1988)* In the presidential election of November 1988, incumbent Vice President George H.W. Bush (Republican) handily defeated Governor Michael Dukakis (Democrat). The Effects of Presence and the Suppression of Presence[Charles] Kauffman and [Donn] Parson [in Metaphor and Presence in Argument, 1990] make the . . . important point . . . that the suppression of presence can have a persuasive effect. They show that metaphors with and without energeia can be used systematically, on the one hand, to alarm, and on the other, to dampen, public anxieties. For example, using metaphors with energeia, President Reagan speaks of antique Titan missiles that leave the United States naked to attack; he depicts the Soviet Union as an Evil Empire led by monsters. On the other hand, using metaphors without energeia, General Gordon Fornell creates an antipresence designed to sidestep public anxiety in the interest of further weapons procurement. The current Soviet ICBM force of 1,398 missiles, of which over 800 are SS-17, SS-18, and SS-19 ICBMs, represents a dangerous countermilitary asymmetry which must be corrected in the near term (99-100; emphasis mine). The systematic use of such colorless metaphors increases adherence by dampening what might otherwise be legitimate anxieties.(Alan G. Gross and Ray D. Dearin, Chaim Perelman. SUNY Press, 2003)

Negotiation Planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negotiation Planning - Case Study Example They provide an estimate with respect to the direct material and direct labour, and this puts the ball in their court despite the company or the buyer providing their estimates with regard to direct material and labour in order to make the modifications, because the sellers are the ones being used for their services. Furthermore, the sellers are in a better position because they are able to quote a price that covers damages caused during the process of making modifications and, thus, keeping aside a negligible amount for the same. They also have taken into account an estimate for spoilage, new items, etc. in order to be on the safer side, keeping their profit margin at the best possible rate for the buyers. 3. In a contract, each party will do its best to emerge as the winner and have the best possible consideration at his/her end. In this contract, the sellers are in a better position than the buyers; however, it must be understood that the two parties do have misconceptions regardi ng one another. First, the buyers are doing their best to decrease the material and labour costs as much as they can because of the price that they will have to pay. The sellers, on the other hand, are trying to negotiate the same in order to maintain a profit margin, as well as to keep room for damages and arrears. The sellers must understand that the optical instruments require modifications to be done within the best possible cost estimate in order to keep the buyers from shelling out much money. Nonetheless, the misconception that the buyers have that the sellers will give them a quote more than they expect may be considered outside the scope of negotiation because ultimately, the buyers need to look into quality and take into account that they would be ready to pay the estimate rolled out by the sellers in order to be left with the best possible end results which will, in turn, help them cover the investments that they made. It is yet again another misconception for the buyers or the Gilbert Company to estimate the overheads and material costs that will be required for the purpose of modification, because the sellers will be able to provide a better estimate knowing that they have to provide their services while keeping a 10% profit margin. 2. In the second answer, we need to analyse the data carefully to ascertain the elementary assessment of the information. Negotiation Plan for the Buyer: The buyer’s position over here is conceptually taken on a different role than the seller’s position. When Pilgrim asked for a cost analysis programme to be conducted for the product, there was a major difference between the cost analyses of Gilbert and Price Analyst. This catapulted Pilgrim to extract the date based on the report conducted by both the parties and a combination of the report between these two parties was evolved to determine the actual cost elements in the negotiation planning. Pilgrim finally called Price Analyst to conduct a negotiation plan for the company since there was an immense difference coming out of the analyses conducted by Gilbert and Price Analyst. The proposed price by Pilgrim was 225,893 USD. This was the price at which he ideally wanted to sell all his 45 optical instruments to the buyer, which is Gilbert Instruments. Price analyst in its analyses compared the labour rates, the GA rates and the Overhead rates which went in modifying the optical instruments at the peak of their prowess. At the current level which is designed by the Price analyst,

Defining Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defining Love - Essay Example The word "love" has origin in the English language. Lufu in the Old English was related to the Frisian luve, German luba, and Gothic lubo. The Scandinavians have used the word lof and Latin lubet. In the form we have now "love" was recorded from the English writings in the 8th century (Frequently Ask Questions). Each nation gives a different name to love, but the essence remains the same. What exactly is love Love is a feeling, it would be more appropriate to say, a combination of positive feelings and emotions that make a person happy. Plato has noted that "at the touch of love everybody becomes a poet" (Famous Love Quotes). When people are in love the world seems to be more colorful, pleasant place to live, the person in love is smiling and does not pay attention to the problems and negative moments. Plato has introduced the concept of platonic love meaning that two individuals, a man and a woman, being in love should get emotionally and spiritually close, without sexual relations. He believed that sex can destroy the emotional unity. Platonic love is different from love based on passion when lovers seek not only emotional but also physical unity with each other.

The Main Factors For An Economic Growth Term Paper

The Main Factors For An Economic Growth - Term Paper Example At this point, the following problem appears: how can investment benefit quickly the local economy if bureaucracy sets obstacles in the completion of the relevant processes? From this point of view, it could be stated that the effects of investment on economic growth are not standardized. Investment contributes to economic growth but the terms of the success of the relevant plans are depended on a series of factors, such as the local regulations, meaning especially the laws on investment, the availability of sources, the political and social stability and so on. Another factor which can also affect economic growth is the human capital. Nijkamp notes that the term ‘human capital’ can be used for describing the workforce, i.e. those involved in the production processes of the local economy. There is no differentiation between locals and foreigners, meaning that human capital would also include expatriates who are asked to participate in the business projects developed within a particular country. However, when referring to ‘human capital’ as influencing economic growth, it would be preferable to consider a particular team of persons: the locals who are able and willing to be engaged in the business activities developed across their country. From this point of view, the value of ‘human capital’ within a specific country can be influenced by the education and training available to people of different age and gender. Human capital is not directly related to the macroeconomic conditions of each country.... Investment, in any case, contributes in economic growth but the terms of success of the relevant plans are depended on a series of factors, such as the local regulations, meaning especially the laws on investment, the availability of sources, the political and social stability and so on. Another factor which can also affects economic growth is the human capital. Nijkamp (2010) notes that the term ‘human capital’ can be used for describing the workforce, i.e. those involving in the production processes (products and services) of the local economy. There is no differentiation between locals and foreigners, meaning that human capital would also include expatriates who are asked to participate in the business projects developed within a particular country. However, when referring to ‘human capital’ as influencing economic growth, it would be preferable to consider a particular team of persons: the locals who are able and willing to be engaged in the business act ivities developed across their country. From this point of view, the value of ‘human capital’ within a specific country can be influenced by the education and training available to people of different age and gender (Nijkamp 43). Human capital, as a term used in the explanation of economic growth, is not directly related to the macroeconomic conditions of each country; however, its existence and its quality is reflected in these conditions. For example, a high GDP level would indicate that people across the country are appropriately educated and trained, supporting the growth of their organization, as this growth result also in the growth of the economy. From a similar point of view, it is noted that the promotion of research and

Microteach #1 Lesson Plan Essay Example for Free

Microteach #1 Lesson Plan Essay Root Tip tip of a plant root that protects the growing tip and secretes mucilage to ease the movement of the root through soil Zone of Elongation absorbs food water, cell growth pushes root tip down, elongating the root Zone of Maturation Zone where root cells differentiate, or form different kinds of tissues that make up a mature root Xylem transports water up from roots through the plant Phloem transports the nutrients made from photosynthesis to all parts of the plant as needed Primary Root Develops into either â€Å"tap root† or â€Å"fibrous roots†; Other smaller roots branch off; Develops from hypocotyl; Roots provide water and minerals to the plant from the soil Adventitious Roots Additional roots that emerge from parts of the plant other than the root system; Burrow into the ground for nutrients Leaves Plumule Also known as â€Å"epicotyl†, emerges after primary root is established and becomes the â€Å"shoot† system above ground Stem Also known as â€Å"axis†; The main â€Å"stalk† of a branch or of the whole plant Apical Bud a. k.a. â€Å"terminal bud†; At the tip of a growing plant; Contains actively dividing cells called apical meristem; Growth here lengthens the plant; grows upward Node – point on the axis, or stem, where the leaf, petiole, another axis, or flower attaches Internode – distance between two nodes Petiole Stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem Axillary Bud Bud located between the stem (axis) and the petiole; Can develop into a new branch, leaf or flower Leaf Blade Flattened, green site of photosynthesis  Sessile leaves attaches directly to the stem with no petiole Flowers Sepal Provide protection for flower bud; supports petals after flower blooms calyx – many sepals Petals Often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators corolla – many petals Stamen – male flower part Anther: pollen-producing reproductive organ Filament: support structure for anther; Produces male gametes, or spores (plant version of sperm) Carpel Also called pistil; Female reproductive organ in flowers that produces seeds; Consists of ovary, ovule, stigma, and style Stigma Sticky, receptive tip of a carpel; The stigma receives pollen from bees Style pillar-like stalk through which pollen tubes grow to reach the ovary Ovary Pollen fertilizes eggs here and develop into seeds; develops into the pericarp Pericarp The outer layer In fleshy fruits; Often edible for human and animals; Develops from the ovary wall of the flower; Surrounds the seeds. (Vajravelu, 2009) Procedure: Anticipatory Set: â€Å"Now that everyones here, lets leave!† Invite students to travel outside and collect a plant sample that they would like to identify. State Objective Tell students that they are going to be learning about their samples, to identify their parts, and to learn their functions. Model: I will show a Microsoft PowerPoint slideshow with pictures or plant structures, their names, and descriptions of their functions. (ESOL Strategy for Edith: Use of visuals) Slideshow will contain brief and simple definitions for structures. (ESOL Strategy for Edgar: Describing items in simple terms; Bulleted lists rather than extended texts) I will point to the structures as I say their names out loud. (ESOL Strategy for Edith: Pointing/Gesturing) There will be an individual slide for each important structure with additional information, synonyms and pictures (ESOL Strategy for Edgar: Expand vocabulary through paraphrasing) I will try to repeat the names of the structures as many times as I can instead of saying â€Å"it† to aid in pronunciation and understanding. (ESOL Strategy for Edith: Repetition) Input I will ask students if they can provide me with any examples of various structures from their experiences, diets, etc. For example, carrots are tap roots. (ESOL Strategy for Tasir: Linking content to students personal life) Guided Practice – I will provide some  of my own plant samples and place them under the dot cam. I will then dissect samples and state the names of various structures. (ESOL Strategy for Edgar: Correcting Phonological Errors) (ESOL Strategy for Edith: Repetition) Check for Understanding I will ask students to present their samples in groups on the dot cam and name their structures without my assistance. (ESOL Strategy for Tasir: Group Activities with Comprehension Checks) Independent Practice: Student will be asked to fill out a worksheet as homework. The students will be required to label unlabeled plant illustrations, and answers questions about the functions of each structure. Closure: Briefly review the material with students. This time without the visual aid, ask students if they can reiterate or paraphrase the purposes and functions of various structures. Ask students to relate reproductive structures to the embryonic structures they create, and then the embryonic structures to the adult structure they develop into. Assign homework. Give students something to look forward to for the next class, ex: interesting fact about photosynthesis. â€Å"I hope you have a wonderful afternoon! See you tomorrow!† Resources and References: Vajravelu, R. (2009). Ethnobotany: A Modern Perspective. (1st ed., pp. 20-35). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt. Microsoft PowerPoint (OR) Linux LibreOffice Impress Samples from Landscaping and/or School Garden Dot Cam Evaluation: Upon being presented with an unlabeled plant sample or illustration, students should be able to identify the name each structure. Students should be able to recognize correlations between different structures for plants in different stages of the life cycle (Example: hypocotyl and primary root). Students should be able to understand what functions each structure has that contribute to the survival of the plant. ESOL Strategies: For Edith, who is at the beginning level of language development, used multiple visual aids for each structure. I will state the name of each structure while pointing to the structure, being sure to clearly enunciate, and will repeat the names of the structures as many times as possible. I have placed arrows and animations on the PowerPoint slides for things that I am not able to reach, point to, etc. A real life example that she has collected personally, and can touch and play with at her desk, will be useful as another visual aid. For Edgar, who is in the intermediate levels of language acquisition, I have provided very simplified definitions and brief bulleted lists of additional information. Animations in slides and gestures to structures coupled with me carefully enunciating while I speak the vocabulary words should help to clear up any phonological errors he may experience. Tasir, who is at the advanced levels of language acquisition, will benefit from note-taking in the classroom. Having the correctly spelled vocabulary words provided on the screen next visual examples will help her to spell them correctly in her notes, which will in turn build up her writing skills. Having me read aloud the words on the screen may help her with her reading skills. Peer review in group activities and guided practice will help correct any errors. Her spelling on her homework will help me to assess her level of success. I will link concepts to her personal life, such as tap roots and carrots, to help her understand that improvement in class will lead to skills she will use in life. Copy of PowerPoint is attached.

Beyond the Classroom :: Teachers Teaching Education Essays

Beyond the Classroom Teachers in training have a lot to focus on and plan for in their futures. How to handle a classroom, fulfill the curriculum, and accurately assess students are all tremendous responsibilities. Experienced teachers have a decided edge in these categories. One area of the high school environment that developing teachers may be able to more strongly relate to, however, is the life of a teenager. It was only a few years ago that the future teachers of today were just students themselves. It is important to remember that high school is only partly about classroom teaching. A vitally important part of a good high school is it’s extra-curricular environment. Good teachers have the ability both to teach their content area skillfully and to relate to their students. A great way to learn more about students, and for students to learn more about each other, is through the clubs, sports, and extracurricular academic activities of a school. I do not remember a whole lot from my first two years of high school. I went to classes, did a decent job, went home and spent some time on my homework before spending time with my family and going to bed. I felt strangely disconnected from school. I had some friends whom I would occasionally visit after school, but living far from my high school often even prevented that. I looked at school almost as a job, doing the minimum, enough to appease the teachers, and moving on. It was not until my junior year of high school that I learned how to truly develop in school. Part of this sudden realization came from my success as a tennis player, and from my decision to join several other school clubs. I developed closer friendships at that time, and saw teachers who stayed after school to run and even participate in the activities differently. Not coincidentally my grades improved at the same rate as my social life. The teacher’s involvement in Peer Counseling really impressed me. Teac hers would share personal experiences and join in the activities done as a group. I realize now the effect that after school events had on my personal growth. That is one reason that I feel it is critical for a good teacher to participate in something outside of the normal school day. Coaches can have an even larger impact on students in that capacity than they have as teachers.

Numerous genetic and environmental factors contribute

Oldest sisters or baby brothers are more than simple labels on the family tree. Psychologists say that birth order affects all aspects of a child's personality. Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her brothers and sisters. A great deal of research has been devoted to the phenomena of birth order and how it impacts children within a family. Many differences in the behavior of siblings have been attributed to birth order.â€Å"Such differences range from general expressions of achievement to more specific behaviors including tendencies toward entrepreneurship, attainment of higher education and eminent occupational status, endorsement of unconventional ideas, and leadership of scientific revolutions, to name only a few. (Claxton, 1994) Birth order is not alone in the development of children’s personality traits. Numerous genetic and environmental factors contribute to differences among siblings.The different socialization patterns that children experie nce, based on birth order, can result in overt personality and behavior trait differences between firstborns and later-borns. (Claxton, 1994) Studies have related birth order to personality, intelligence, and vocational tendencies. Firstborns tend to be socialized by adults, where later-borns, have progressively more opportunity to be exposed to the socializing influences of older siblings. Adult-socialized firstborns are sometimes assumed to be more achievement oriented.Later-borns, experiencing a greater proportion of socialization are often characterized as more popular, more accepting of risk, and more independent of authority than firstborns. Such socialization differentials suggest qualitative differences between firstborns and later-borns in terms of behavioral and personality characteristics. (Claxton, 1994) Firstborns have a greater tendency than later-borns to be conformist and oriented toward authority and responsibility. As a special type of firstborn, only children tend to be highly motivated, self-confident, and achievement oriented.Only children are believed to be more accustomed to dealing with adults than are other birth positions. In contrast to firstborns, middle-borns have been generally described in terms of relatively greater orientation toward peers, group cooperation, and other social activities. The middle birth positions are often considered the most difficult, in part because middle-borns may receive less individual attention from parents. (Seff, 1993) Middle children may compensate by developing many non-parental relationships.Middle-borns often have excellent people skills and are good listeners, mediators, and negotiators, perhaps because they must navigate through a world of siblings who are both older and younger. A family's last born child is often believed to be favored by parents. Last-borns have been characterized as being especially vivacious and fun. (Claxton, 1994) Children in different ordinal positions experience differ ent socialization environments. Interaction with both parents and other siblings is affected by one's position in the sibling order.Firstborns tend to receive more parental attention, in terms of both support and control. They are also more likely to be given responsibility and control over younger siblings and to have higher expectations associated with their own performance. Children who report that they spent time teaching younger siblings had higher levels of reading and language achievement themselves. Such socialization experiences are the basis for the expectation or the perception that firstborns are more dependable, responsible, cautious, conservative, and have higher achievement motivation than later born children. (Parrot, 1992)The distinctive feature of the position of younger children in the birth order is that they are subject to more child-level interaction and are typically subordinate to the oldest child. Younger children (with the possible exception of the last bor n) receive less attention from parents, less encouragement, less responsibility, and lower expectations and have a harder time carving out a distinct niche for themselves in the family system. These tendencies are, of course, attenuated by a number of factors, including the number of siblings, the sex composition of the sibling order, and the spacing between positions.(Carter, et. al. , 2002) Firstborns may become conservative in their outlooks. Later-born children develop strategies of survival that may entail risk-taking and daring behavior. These differences in competitive strategies can generate personality differences across birth orders, and have lifelong implications. (Carter, et. al. , 2002) Part of the unique family environment is birth order. Although genetically related, siblings differ in age, experience, and in reproductive value to their parents. Differences between siblings growing up together can be magnified by contrast effects.First-borns tend to be more extraverte d and conscientious but less emotionally stable, agreeable, or open than are later-borns. (Revelle, 1995) Some variables are believed to affect the above descriptions. For instance, if there are several years between the first and second child, the second child will have some characteristics of a firstborn. Or, if the firstborn is a girl and the second a boy, the son will have some first-born characteristics because he is the family's first male offspring. Further, if there are more than four years between siblings, the next born takes on the traits of the oldest or first born.Sibling deaths, adoptions and blended families can also upset the traditional birth order. (Revelle, 1995) Studies have shown that while first-borns males may be more creative, the opposite is true for females, with later-borns being the highest in creativity. Test scores demonstrate that the highest creativity are found among first born males and later born females. According to Eisenman, it may be that first -born males receive greater intellectual stimulation in their family and this predisposes them to be high in achievement and creativity.While the first-born female may receive the same sort of intellectual stimulation, she may be restricted by both her birth order and gender. It is believed that that parents tend to be more restrictive toward their first child, and toward females in general. The first-born female may be exposed to a higher level of parental anxiety and also more restrictive parenting styles, because of being female. This is thought to inhibit creativity in first-born females and reduce the risk taking behavior often associated with creativity.â€Å"The first born male would also be inhibited somewhat by the overly strong parental concern, but overcomes this as far as creativity is concerned, perhaps due to the greater intellectual emphasis the first born male gets, as a child having only adult companionship in the family, until the birth of the second child. † (Boling, et. al. , 1993) Parents may be more aggressive with their approach to the first male child to achieve intellectually and academically. The first-born female seems to be over-socialized by parents, in response to their fear for the welfare of the female child.As a family grows, parents typically loosen up some of their controls, on both male and female children. The first-born female learns responsibility, usually in socially typical roles, having to care for her younger siblings. She may achieve well in intellectual and academic pursuits. But, the over-socialization may make her less likely than later born females to take risk, and thus may decrease creativity in the first-born female. (Eisenman, 2001) Birth order has been shown to have an effect on vocational tendencies as well.Firstborns' are shown to that require mechanical, technical, clerical or business system competencies, or toward positions that require leadership or persuasive skills. They may value economic and political achievement, their own as well as that of others. Firstborns are less likely to seek occupations which promote artistic, musical, dramatic, and literary interests, or involve a high degree of human and interpersonal relations activities. The later-borns gravitate towards vocation that are investigative, social, and artistic.â€Å"They would gravitate toward occupations that would utilize their scientific and mathematical abilities, promote their artistic, musical, dramatic, or literary interests, or involve interpersonal and human relations activities. Further, they are less apt to value political and economic achievements and more apt to value scientific, social, and artistic achievements. † (Lynch, 1980) Kevin Leman, author of The New Birth Order, notes in his book that 23 of America's 41 presidents were first-born or â€Å"functional first-born,† meaning the first male child.So were 21 of the first 23 astronauts the United States sent into space (the othe r two were only children). A much greater proportion of first-born end up in professions such as science, medicine and law, occupations that require analytical skills and hard-driving personalities. He also notes that an unusual number of comedians – such as Billy Crystal, Eddie Murphy, Drew Carey, Martin Short, Jim Carrey and Leslie Nielsen – are babies of their families, â€Å"funny people who got away with murder as kids,† he says. (Stewart, 1999) There are some theorists who propose that as families have gotten smaller, test scoreshave risen, because the intellect is higher. â€Å"SAT scores will continue to rise for the rest of the century. When today's 4-year-olds take the SAT 14 years from now, the average score will be even higher than it was in 1963 when the 40-point decline began. But then scores will probably begin to drop again. You see, after 1980, the birth rate began to rise and family size seems to be increasing. † (Hall, 1986) This belief is based upon confluence theory, proposing that because the intellectual development of a family is like a river with the inputs of each family memberflowing into it. Tests, which indicate intelligence, are dependent heavily on verbal ability. Then imagine the intellectual environment as providing a pool of words to the growing child. Adults contribute a large vocabulary to the pool and babies contribute nothing. The pool of words surrounding the only child at age 5 is different from the pool surrounding the second-born child of the same age who has a 7-year-old sibling. As families get larger, children's intellectual development suffers, and the effect is accentuated by birth order, the more older siblings aperson has, the lower his or her intellectual level because of the decrease within the family intellectual environment. (Hall, 1986) There are many additional factors that can influence intelligence. If there are higher numbers of adults present in a child’s daily life, as in an extended family, this may have an impact on verbal ability as well. Works Cited Claxton, R. P. (1994). Empirical Relationships between Birth Order and Two Types of Parental Feedback. The Psychological Record, 44(4), 475+. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Questia database: http://questia. com/PM. qst?a=o&d=5001709131 Hall, E. (1986, February). Mining New Gold from Old Research; He Reworks Past Discoveries, Looking for Basic Behavioral Processes That Are as Fundamental as Biological Processes. Psychology Today, 20, 46+. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5001684098 Parrott, L. (1992). Earliest Recollections and Birth Order: Two Adlerian Exercises. Teaching of Psychology, 19(1), 40-42. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Questia database: http://questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=77521729 Revelle, W. (1995). Personality Processes. 295+.Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Questia database: http://questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000271 333 Seff, M. A. , Gecas, V. , & Frey, J. H. (1993). Birth Order, Self-Concept, and Participation in Dangerous Sports. Journal of Psychology, 127(2), 221-232. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Questia database: http://questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=76932964 Steelman, L. C. , Powell, B. , Werum, R. , & Carter, S. (2002). Reconsidering the Effects of Sibling Configuration: Recent Advances and Challenges. 243+. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Questia database: http://questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000598111Stewart, M. (1999, December 7). Order of Birth: Are Our Children Predestined to Be Serious First-Borns, Loyal Middles and Affectionate Babies. The Washington Times, p. 1. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5001846400 Boling, S. E. , Boling, J. L. , & Eisenman, R. (1993). Creativity and Birth Order/sex Differences in Children. Education, 114(2), 224+. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. q st? a=o&d=5000254689 Eisenman, R. (2001). Creativity, Risk Taking Sex Differences, and Birth Order.189+. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000944906 Lynch, R. M. , & Lynch, J. (1980). Birth Order and Vocational Preference. Journal of Experimental Education, 49(1), 15-18. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=95189117 Newman, J. , Pettinger, J. , & Evan, J. B. (1995). â€Å"My Big Sister the Town Supervisor†: Family Leadership Training Is Not Just for Boys. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 33(1-2), 121+. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from Questia database: